PREFACE
This
handbook is has been compiled to give readers with an interested in the oil and
gas production industry an overview of the main processes and equipment. When I
started to search for a suitable introduction to be used for new engineers, I discovered
that much of this equipment is described in standards, equipment manuals and
project documentation. But little material was found to quickly give the reader
an overview of the entire upstream area, while still preserving enough detail
to let the engineer get an appreciation of the main characteristics and design
issues.,
This
book is by no means a comprehensive description on the detailed design of any part
of this process, and many details have been omitted in the interest of
overview. I have included some comments on the control issues, since that is
part of my own background. For the same reason, the description will be
somewhat biased toward the offshore installations.
The
material has been compiled form various online sources as well as ABB and customer
documents. I am thankful to my colleagues in the industry for providing valuable
input, in particular Erik Solbu of Norsk Hydro for the Njord process and valuable
comments. I have included many photos to give the reader an impression what
typical facilities or equipment look like. Non-ABB photo source given below picture
other pictures and illustrations are ABB.
Edition 1.3 Oslo, June 2006
Håvard Devold
©2006 ABB ATPA Oil and Gas
Except as otherwise indicated, all materials,
including but not limited to design, text, graphics,
other files, and the selection and arrangement
thereof, are the copyright property of ABB, ALL
RIGHTS RESERVED. You may electronically copy
and print hard-copy of this document only for
non-commercial personal use, or non-commercial
use within the organization that employs you,
provided that the materials are not modified
and all copyright or proprietary notices are retained.
Use of photos and graphics and references form
other sources in no way promotes or endorses
these
products and services and is for illustration only.
Introduction
Oil
has been used for lighting purposes for many thousand years. In areas where oil is
found in shallow reservoirs, seeps of crude oil or gas may naturally develop,
and some
oil could simply be collected from seepage or tar ponds. Historically, we know of
tales of eternal fires where oil and gas seeps would ignite and burn. One
example 1000
B.C. is the site where the famous oracle of Delphi would be built, and 500 B.C. Chinese
were using natural gas to boil water.
But
it was not until 1859 that "Colonel" Edwin Drake drilled the first
successful oil well,
for the sole purpose of finding oil.
The
Drake Well was located in the middle of quiet farm country in north-western Pennsylvania,
and began the ternational search for and industrial use of petroleum.
Photo:
Drake Well Museum Collection, Titusville, PA
These
wells were shallow by modern standards, often less than 50 meters, but could give
quite large production. In the picture from the Tarr Farm, Oil Creek Valley,
the Phillips
well on the right was flowing initially at 4000 barrels per day in October 1861,
and the Woodford well on the left came in at 1500 barrels per day in July, 5 1862.
The oil was collected in the wooden tank in the foreground. Note the many different
sized barrels in the background. At this time, barrel size was not yet standardized,
which made terms like "Oil is selling at $5 per barrel" very
confusing (today
a barrel is 159 liters, see units at the back). But even in those days, overproduction
was an issue to be avoided. When the “Empire well” was completed in
September 1861, it gave 3,000 barrels per day, flooding the market, and the
price of
oil plummeted to 10 cents a barrel.
Soon,
oil had replaced most other fuels for mobile use. The automobile industry developed
at the end of the 19th century,
and quickly adopted the fuel. Gasoline engines
were essential for designing successful aircraft. Ships driven by oil could move
up to twice as fast as their coal fired counterparts, a vital military
advantage. Gas
was burned off or left in the ground.
Despite
attempts at gas transportation as far back as 1821, it was not until after the World
War II that welding techniques, pipe rolling, and metallurgical advances allowed
for the construction of reliable long distance pipelines, resulting in a
natural gas
industry boom. At the same time the petrochemical industry with its new plastic materials
quickly increased production. Even now gas production is gaining market share
as LNG provides an economical way of transporting the gas from even the remotest
sites.
With
oil prices of 50 dollars per barrel or more, even more difficult to access
sources become
economically interesting. Such sources include tar sands in Venezuela and Canada
as well as oil shales. Synthetic diesel (syndiesel) from natural gas and biological
sources (biodiesel, ethanol) have also become commercially viable. These sources may eventually more
than triple the potential reserves of hydrocabon fuels.
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